When families begin exploring long-term care options for a loved one, one of the first factors professionals evaluate is the person’s ability to manage Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). These everyday tasks form the foundation of independent living, and the ability—or inability—to perform them is a key measure of functional status.

Recognizing what ADLs are and how they’re used as criteria for admission to nursing homes or assisted living facilities can help families better prepare for the care decisions ahead.

What Are Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are basic self-care tasks necessary for maintaining independence and quality of life. First identified in the 1950s by geriatrician Dr. Sidney Katz, the six core ADLs remain the standard in healthcare and elder care assessments today.

The Six Standard ADLs Include:

1. Bathing – The ability to wash oneself in a tub or shower and maintain personal grooming (e.g., shaving, brushing teeth).
2. Dressing – Selecting appropriate clothing and physically dressing or undressing, including managing fasteners like buttons or zippers.
3. Eating – The ability to feed oneself independently, whether with utensils, cups, or specialized assistance (not meal preparation).
4. Transferring/Mobility – Moving from one position to another, such as getting out of bed, standing, or transitioning into a wheelchair.
5. Toileting – Getting to and from the toilet, using it properly, and performing necessary hygiene.
6. Continence – Maintaining control of bladder and bowel functions, both physically and mentally.

Note: Some assessments may also include ambulation (walking or climbing stairs) as a separate ADL, depending on the care setting.

Why Are ADLs Important?

ADLs are essential indicators of a person’s health, independence, and safety. Difficulty with these tasks often signals the need for additional support, either at home or in a care facility. Assessing ADLs helps determine eligibility for long-term care, identifies the level of assistance required, and guides families in making care decisions. Tracking these abilities over time also reveals changes in health and ensures care plans remain appropriate.

ADLs as Admission Criteria for Long-Term Care Facilities

Long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes and assisted living communities, often use ADL assessments as a primary criterion for admission. A demonstrated inability to perform multiple ADLs independently is a strong indicator that a person may need the structured support and services these facilities provide.

For example, someone who cannot safely bathe, dress, or transfer without help may be considered at risk if living alone. Facilities use these assessments to create personalized care plans, ensuring each resident receives the right level of support.

Planning Ahead

Understanding ADLs is an important step in planning for the future. Families who recognize when loved ones begin to struggle with these tasks can take proactive measures—exploring home care services, adult day programs, or long-term care facilities before a crisis arises.

At O’Connor Elder Law, we guide families through this process with compassion and clarity. Whether you’re considering care options now or planning for the future, we’re here to help you make informed decisions that protect your loved one’s dignity, safety, and independence.